J Med Cases

Journal of Medical Cases, ISSN 1923-4155 print, 1923-4163 online, Open Access

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Case Report

Volume 16, Number 10, October 2025, pages 406-409

Vasovagal Syncope in Penoscrotal Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Implantation Following Spinal Anesthesia

Table

**Table 1.** The Definition, Types, Clinical Features, and Potential Complications of Vasovagal Syncope (VVS)
Aspect	Details	Reference
Definition	VVS is characterized by a sudden decrease in heart rate (HR) and/or blood pressure (BP), often triggered by stress during pain management procedures.	[5]
Types of VVS	Cardioinhibitory: HR < 40 beats per minute (bpm); vasodepressor: systolic BP < 80 mm Hg or a decrease of > 30% without significant HR reduction; mixed: HR < 40 bpm and systolic BP < 80 mm Hg or a decrease of >30%.	[6]
Symptoms	Light-headedness, palpitations, weakness, blurred vision, nausea, warmth/coldness, sweating.	[7]
Severe manifestation	If a VVS leads to loss of consciousness, it is termed vasovagal syncope.	[7]
Clinical impact	Generally benign but can cause serious complications such as discontinued procedures; cardiac arrhythmias, and fear of planned procedures (for patients and providers)	[7]