Journal of Medical Cases, ISSN 1923-4155 print, 1923-4163 online, Open Access
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Case Report

Volume 16, Number 9, September 2025, pages 352-359

Ketofol (Ketamine-Propofol) in Pediatric Awake Neurosurgery: An Anesthetic Perspective

Figures

↓  Figure 1. Ketofol (ketamine and propofol) in pump continuous infusion (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 1.
↓  Figure 2. Standard monitoring and invasive blood pressure monitoring through left radial artery cannulation (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 2.
↓  Figure 3. Monitored anesthesia care technique (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 3.
↓  Figure 4. Awake phase and patient interaction with physicians (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 4.
↓  Figure 5. Patient interaction during awake phase procedures with physicians (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 5.

Tables

↓  Table 1. Indications and Contraindications of AC
 
Indications Contraindications
AC: awake craniotomy.
Tumor localized near eloquent brain Sleep apnea
Epileptic foci in motor/sensor/speech zones Decreased pain tolerance
Ambulatory neurosurgical facilitation Claustrophobia
Anticipated difficult airways
Active persistent cough
Morbidly obesity
Preoperative increased intracranial pressure

 

↓  Table 2. Advantages of Ketamine in AC Procedures
 
Advantages of ketamine
AC: awake craniotomy.
Antiepileptic
Analgesic
Hemodynamic stability
Opioid sparing effect
Neuroprotection