Journal of Medical Cases, ISSN 1923-4155 print, 1923-4163 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Med Cases and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://jmc.elmerpub.com

Case Report

Volume 16, Number 9, September 2025, pages 352-359

Ketofol (Ketamine-Propofol) in Pediatric Awake Neurosurgery: An Anesthetic Perspective

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Ketofol (ketamine and propofol) in pump continuous infusion (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Standard monitoring and invasive blood pressure monitoring through left radial artery cannulation (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 3.
Figure 3. Monitored anesthesia care technique (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Awake phase and patient interaction with physicians (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Patient interaction during awake phase procedures with physicians (intraoperative original anesthesia team photo).

Tables

Table 1. Indications and Contraindications of AC
 
IndicationsContraindications
AC: awake craniotomy.
Tumor localized near eloquent brainSleep apnea
Epileptic foci in motor/sensor/speech zonesDecreased pain tolerance
Ambulatory neurosurgical facilitationClaustrophobia
Anticipated difficult airways
Active persistent cough
Morbidly obesity
Preoperative increased intracranial pressure

 

Table 2. Advantages of Ketamine in AC Procedures
 
Advantages of ketamine
AC: awake craniotomy.
Antiepileptic
Analgesic
Hemodynamic stability
Opioid sparing effect
Neuroprotection